Africa

** Essential Questions **: Political change comes with disagreement and opinions, which can easily lead to conflict. It creates a stronger bond and nation among the people, as well as bringing ideas together to a common ground. Nationalism can help to bring nations together
 * 1. How can political change cause conflict **
 * 2. How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires? **

Political relationships agree or take a stand on one side or the other, which can either benefit or do the opposite to the economy, creating stronger relationships to better the economy. Political relationships that may not be on good terms with one another, can cause their economic relationship with one another to also follow under the same path. Agreement on decisions, agreements on things that better the economy, and decisions that benefit the people are all factors that can contribute to uniting a nation. Tragedies also help to unite people as a nation, as well as culture and language.
 * 3. How can political relationships affect economic relationships? **
 * 4. What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation? **

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qqoPHKBzwYojzcIbpFXSot5Vwvuzlx8I8D6HWwZi0M4/edit?usp=sharing
 * __ Comments on Video of Africa: __**
 * China still heavily involved in world trade
 * didn't produce anything but what the Chinese wanted
 * Europeans found something that the Chinese would buy-opium
 * Chinese saw this as unfair trade practices
 * Chinese gave up all sovereignty to British spheres of influence
 * Europeans (British) became dominant economic power in China
 * Europeans been involved in Africa since 16th century
 * Europeans saw it as a bonus to b able to say that they had colonies (nationalism)
 * controlling means of production
 * Europeans devastated by disease
 * Yellow fever, Malaria, and sleeping sickness are all sicknesses that affected Europeans in Africa
 * European guns useless, most fighting done the old fashion way with swords
 * Technology made a difference for Africa
 * most important technology was guns (especially machine guns)- allowed Europeans to wipe out Africa
 * European imperialism involved a lot of fighting and a lot of dying
 * most of Africa and Asia colonized
 * Japan perusing its own imperialism
 * many were able to get access to European education for themselves and for their children
 * visions of extending Egypt's control
 * British took control of controlling country's finances
 * Influence grew in their home countries and the lands they would invest in
 * Africans were immune to diseases that had affected the Europeans
 * Guns helped the Europeans colonize the Africans
 * Africa depended on intermediary government
 * Imperialism brought wealth and power to Europeans
 * Worst depression occurred in the congo
 * land and people of the congo were exploited
 * population declined because of conditions
 * __Questions on Map:__**

** "Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire." ** https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SYmcYM1fIW5biMkusORjxaEH6Ze3XbilESJfiYQ-Uo0/edit?usp=sharing
 * By Karl Liebknecht **
 * Militarism is to be considered the biggest threat and most harmful to the people, as it basically takes them over. Imperialism affects those who are most vulnerable, with he advanced technology of militarism.
 * __Scrambled for Africa Mark- Up:__**

https://docs.google.com/document/d/180aFZgqFFDho0kcxSY6wIqk7ldGLro2IWd5wwIVhWBM/edit?usp=sharing
 * __Picture Detective:__**

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1x7pQC73ZGzJrtVFjXklCsqPUgAHF3enbyYG5eu4HrOQ/edit?usp=sharing
 * __Graphic Organizer on New Imperialism:__**


 * __Imperialism Frayer Model:__**


 * __Questions on "The White Man's Burden: __**
 * 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? **
 * The White Man;s burden was seen as a rhetorical command to white men to rule and colonize other nations, for the purpose of benefitting those people. It was a duty.
 * 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? **
 * The reward that the white man receives for carrying his burden, was carrying the blame of the ye guards and carrying the cry of the hosts ye humor. He also carries prestige and a reward from Heaven. Doing their duties gave them points in the eyes of God.
 * 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? **
 * Kipling had written his poem to those involved in United States imperialism, who he believed would be the ones reading this. Also wrote it tot he white men in the United States, to encourage them. People who had an interest in Imperialism were also his audience. An imperialist would agree that this poem is right on, and an anti would disagree with his words.
 * 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? **
 * The line of the poem that I find to be the most interesting was the line " Go send your sons to exile", due to the power and force behind it. I think this particular line stuck out to me because of how demanding it was. " Cold-edged with dear-bought wisdom, the judgement of your peers!" was a line that I found interesting because it shows how your fate and what you do is being looked either up or down upon by the countries observing you, and those countries around you.


 * __Berlin Conference Mark- Up: __**

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KKxH9VKzDFoZMxQzJSZu-bmzutFMvAaIq8htgkbq2Pg/edit?usp=sharing


 * __Notes on video:__**
 * delegates from 16 different countries were brought together by chancellor Bismarck of Germany, with the intent to sit and talk about the splitting of Africa among themselves, and African nations were not represented in the meeting.
 * the culture and face of Africa were changed by the 6 months of declarations, secret talks, dreams of wealth as bargaining.
 * there was a race among Europeans to gain more territory
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">the future of Africa is included in the Berlin conference document, as it has the transcript of the conferencethe racist views that people had upon Africans was drilled into their minds
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">lines on the map of Africa are drawn by the conference, and made to today's boundaries of modern countries

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">The message of "The Black Man's Burden" was to have the intent that the blacks in the Philippines were demonstrating their mistreatment, and how it was an extension from the mistreatment that occurred of the black Americans at home.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">The Black Man's **<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;"> **Burden:**

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">"better by far defend it, with honors holy breath" is a line that sticks out the most to me because of it being for those blacks that feel that they are being and have been, mistreated. This is telling them to take a stand to defend themselves.

__**<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">5 Words: **__
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">discussion
 * change
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #222222; font-family: arial,sans-serif;">race
 * views
 * boundaries

" Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference  of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered   that has made it possible for evil to triumph." Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975
 * __Document 1:__**
 * This author is speaking in a viewpoint that believes that things could have been done differently, and that some of the actions should have been held off on, and that some should have acted in the first place because they didn't initially. Maybe events that have caused this author to regret something that has happened, or wish that something else had been done is what prompted him to say these things.
 * They may be making this statement in the event that they have regrets on things that have been done, and things that they wish could have happened differently, or been done.
 * This quote relates to imperialism in Africa, as it offers two different view points, one being wishing that they could have done something differently, or wishing that something different all together had been done. This is similar to the way that blacks feel towards their discrimination, as they wish they had done something differently or initially done something to stop it.

__ **Document 2:** __ **"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** // Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races... // // I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty. //

// I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world. //


 * ** Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint? **
 * The author of this was Jules Ferry, with a viewpoint of support to the superior of the races, and the belief that they in fact do have a right over the lower, because of their duties.
 * ** What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint? **
 * He offers the justification that the higher race and the European nations will acquit themselves with generosity, grandeur, and sincerity of the superior civilizing duty.
 * ** Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech? **
 * To allow the lower races to think that there is a reason for their ranking, because of the numerous duties that the superior races must maintain above the lower.
 * ** What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time? **
 * This speech tells me that life was unequal, and that the superior races believed they ruled above all. This also shows me that they had cocky and biased attitudes towards anyone but themselves.

"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo" Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1982.Artists: Linley Sambourne
 * __Document 3:__**




 * **Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias?**
 * This cartoon was published in Punch, or London Charivari, on December 10, 1982. This impacts the perspective because during this time Rhodes has the ambitions to extend.
 * **What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did/ (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)**
 * I think this meaning was given to the cartoon, because of the ease that Rhodes had to extend an electrical telegraph from Cape Town to Cairo, which is why he was "striding" with ease.
 * **Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see?**
 * It is being depicted that Rhodes is taking over Africa with the electrical telegraph, which can be shown by his captivating size over the continent. The wire is the representation of the electrical telegraph, as it is an electrical wire and serves along with his plan or intention to expand over the continent.
 * **What is the artists viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim?**
 * The artists viewpoint is that Cairo is planning to extend an electrical telegraph from Cape Town to Cairo, and this is being represented by Rhodes as a giant standing over the continent to show the power that he controlled in the creation of the electrical telegraph. Rhodes as a giant as well as the electrical wire he holds supports my claim about the plan he has or had, to extend.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1keLVrzZot_FSNmBLFD-4SDeR4Xqa2hvJstf3HobY7pY/edit?usp=sharing
 * __ Document 4: __**

The author of this letter is Mark X of Moshweshewe, who was Chief of Basutos. He is writing this letter with the intentions to address the fact that the land of Africa is being taken over by the Europeans. The purpose he had behind this letter, was to explain how he did not understand the white men had this much power. He is also portraying how upset he is with the way that they are going about colonizing the land. Sir Harry Smith was the governor of a colony found in South Africa, and the Boers are the people who lived in South Africa, of the Dutch descent. I do believe that this letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose due tot he fact that it covered the way that the whites were poorly treating the Africans, taking over their land and negatively effecting their social status as well as their economy. The Boers considered the "farms their own", showing the way that they had no problem with taking over the African land, and what they tried establishing in Africa over the Africans themselves.
 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....)**
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**

__ **Document 5:** __


 * Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896. **

So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated.But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different.


 * **How were the the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**

The people of Southern Africa were treated as though they were slaves by the imperialists. They were shooting and fighting against them, harming the women, were overbearing, and made them carry their belongings.


 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**

The African rebellion was not successful due to the fact that hey did not have the resources that the whites had. The whites had control over machine guns and rifles, which were being used to take down the Africans. Without the Africans having these types of resources, they were not able to defend themselves, and became unsuccessful and unable to make progress.


 * __ Document 6: __**
 * Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907. **

And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us,fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice

The author of this source is Mojimba, where it is referred to as the battle in 1877 on the Congo river. In this battle, the white men and the British had the most power and strength. As the Africans' "brothers continued to fall", they remained the weaker of the sides, whereas the white men had the Africans "dead, bleeding" and their village "plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies." The Africans struggled to survive, while the white and British men were able to strive in this battle. The Chief has a strong negative opinion about the British people, which is that they are bad and "wicked" people Chief's opinion of the British people is that they are "wicked" people and have "sickness" in the way that they think.
 * **Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * **Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * **What is the chief's opinion of the British?**


 * __ Document 7: __**
 * Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906 **.

The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.

The message that was trying to be sent by the German military officer was that send was that the Africans are superstitious and believed that just taking a "medicine" would be beneficial to their ability to win. This German military officer claims that the Africans believed that the medicine would give them "invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets," showing how strongly he believed and agreed in this as a truth. I believe that the Africans made such claims due tot he fact that the they most likely held these as beliefs within their culture, which may have been carried on from the past of this culture. The Africans felt a certain way about the Europeans, that were taking them over, and most likely wanted to hold onto a piece of theirs. They seemed to have valued the superstitious ideas that the Africans held.
 * **What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim**
 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**

Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.
 * __ Document 8: __**
 * [[image:mastromaurowh/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg width="436" height="318" caption="Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg"]] ||
 * Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg ||

The man in this photo has a look of satisfaction on his face, as he had accomplished something that he had been hoping to. He doesn't seem too happy about what he has done as he has killed an animal, but in a sense he looks as if he feels accomplished by it. I also see a killed or injured elephant. The purpose behind this photograph is to portray how the white men also came into Africa, and took control over their animals as well to use to their own personal benefit. They sued Africa for their resources. The economic and social implications that this photo indicates is that the white men most likely killed animals to use them for their personal benefit with the intent to gain more uses from them. They have taken advantage of the resources that Africa has to offer, and is the only value that it holds for the white men now, which they are also taking advantage of. Regardless of the effects that they white mens' actions had on the land, people, and wildlife of Africa, they still went ahead and used t=whatever they needed to benefit themselves only.
 * **Describe the person and objects in this photo.**
 * ** What is the purpose of the photograph? **
 * **What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?**


 * __ Document 9: __**


 * [[image:mastromaurowh/African exports.PNG width="349" height="272" caption="African exports.PNG"]] ||
 * African exports.PNG ||

The industries that benefited included the industrialization industry, food industry, clothing industry, health and beauty industry, jewelry industry, and electrical industry. I feel as if Great Britain had the most valuable colonies, based solemnly on the fact that they had an abundance of metals and electrical resources that had the ability to aid them with industrialization. This document can be used to explain the primary reason for African colonization, with the ability of seeing the abundance of materials that they were able to obtain. Each country had colonies with many different types of raw materials that would benefit their country, which comes to the conclusion that they were there to get hold of all of the raw materials there was to offer.
 * **What European industries benefited from African resources?**
 * **Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?**
 * **How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?**

__**Document 10:**__ "Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy.  Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962

This West African nationalist had the response that the Europeans were attempting to get rid of the confidence and independence that they had, as well as identifying how exceeding the African ownership of raw materials was at the time. The Africans had the most valuable raw materials over anyone else. He also identifies that the Europeans are turning the lands into their own economy.
 * ** In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism? **